British Medical Bulletin 55:691-704 (1999)
© 1999 The British Council
research-article |
Micronutrient antioxidants and smoking
*Center for Lung Biology and Medicine,University of California Davis, California, USA
Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham Alabama, USA
Correspondence to: Prof. Carroll E Cross, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Patient Support Services Building, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor in such human diseases as cardiovascular disease (especially atherosclerosis), lung cancer (the leading world-wide cancer killer), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)1. An avalanche of studies has suggested that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables is associated with decreased risk for atherosclerosis and cancer2,3. However, the dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, as well as antioxidant micronutrients, is decreased in smokers4. This, along with evidence of increased utilization of ascorbic acid5,6 and a-tocopherol7, possibly on the basis of increased oxidative stress, contributes to the low plasma antioxidant concentrations seen in many smokers8. This review addresses selected mechanistic considerations of this relationship.
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