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British Medical Bulletin 60:5-20 (2001)
© 2001 Oxford University Press
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Type 2 diabetes
* Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis proposes that the epidemiological associations between poor fetal and infant growth and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome result from the effects of poor nutrition in early life, which produces permanent changes in glucose-insulin metabolism. These changes include reduced capacity for insulin secretion and insulin resistance which, combined with effects of obesity, ageing and physical inactivity, are the most important factors in determining type 2 diabetes. Since the hypothesis was proposed, many studies world-wide have confirmed the initial epidemiological evidence, although the strength of the relationships has varied from one study to another. The relationship with insulin resistance is clear at all ages studied. Less clear is the relationship with insulin secretion. The relative contribution of genes and environment to these relationships remains a matter of debate. The contributions of maternal hyperglycaemia and the trajectory of postnatal growth need to be clarified.
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P. C Hallal, J. C K Wells, F. F Reichert, L. Anselmi, and C. G Victora Early determinants of physical activity in adolescence: prospective birth cohort study BMJ, April 29, 2006; 332(7548): 1002 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. E. Murphy, R. Smith, W. B. Giles, and V. L. Clifton Endocrine Regulation of Human Fetal Growth: The Role of the Mother, Placenta, and Fetus Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2006; 27(2): 141 - 169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Ong, P. M. Emmett, S. Noble, A. Ness, D. B. Dunger, and and the ALSPAC Study Team Dietary Energy Intake at the Age of 4 Months Predicts Postnatal Weight Gain and Childhood Body Mass Index Pediatrics, March 1, 2006; 117(3): e503 - e508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Watkins, A. Wilkins, C. Osmond, C. M. Warner, M. Comiskey, M. Hanson, and T. P. Fleming The influence of mouse Ped gene expression on postnatal development J. Physiol., February 15, 2006; 571(1): 211 - 220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M Prentice The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2006; 35(1): 93 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Radaelli, J. Uvena-Celebrezze, J. Minium, L. Huston-Presley, P. Catalano, and S. Hauguel-de Mouzon Maternal Interleukin-6: Marker of Fetal Growth and Adiposity Reproductive Sciences, January 1, 2006; 13(1): 53 - 57. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 A. Favaro, E. Tenconi, and P. Santonastaso Perinatal Factors and the Risk of Developing Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Arch Gen Psychiatry, January 1, 2006; 63(1): 82 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M Schultz From egg to embryo: a peripatetic journey Reproduction, December 1, 2005; 130(6): 825 - 828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Karlberg, H. Jalanko, J. Kallijarvi, A.-E. Lehesjoki, and M. Lipsanen-Nyman Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Subjects With Mutated RING Finger Protein TRIM37 Diabetes, December 1, 2005; 54(12): 3577 - 3581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Grino Prenatal nutritional programming of central obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of adipose tissue glucocorticoid metabolism Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): R1233 - R1235. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A Maloney and W. D Rees Gene-nutrient interactions during fetal development Reproduction, October 1, 2005; 130(4): 401 - 410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Verkauskiene, D. Jaquet, S. Deghmoun, D. Chevenne, P. Czernichow, and C. Levy-Marchal Smallness for Gestational Age Is Associated with Persistent Change in Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) and the Ratio of IGF-I/IGF-Binding Protein-3 in Adulthood J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2005; 90(10): 5672 - 5676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Gardner, K. Tingey, B. W. M. Van Bon, S. E. Ozanne, V. Wilson, J. Dandrea, D. H. Keisler, T. Stephenson, and M. E. Symonds Programming of glucose-insulin metabolism in adult sheep after maternal undernutrition Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): R947 - R954. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Schou, K. Pilgaard, T. Vilsboll, C. B. Jensen, C. F. Deacon, J. J. Holst, A. Volund, S. Madsbad, and A. A. Vaag Normal Secretion and Action of the Gut Incretin Hormones Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Young Men with Low Birth Weight J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2005; 90(8): 4912 - 4919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. L. Gavete, M. A. Martin, C. Alvarez, and F. Escriva Maternal Food Restriction Enhances Insulin-Induced GLUT-4 Translocation and Insulin Signaling Pathway in Skeletal Muscle from Suckling Rats Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3368 - 3378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L A Coleman, A L Naleway, M E Davis, R T Greenlee, D Wilson, and D J McCarty Birth weight and systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus, July 1, 2005; 14(7): 526 - 528. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. Gallou-Kabani and C. Junien Nutritional Epigenomics of Metabolic Syndrome: New Perspective Against the Epidemic Diabetes, July 1, 2005; 54(7): 1899 - 1906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D A Lawlor, C J Riddoch, A S Page, L B Andersen, N Wedderkopp, M Harro, D Stansbie, and G Davey Smith Infant feeding and components of the metabolic syndrome: findings from the European Youth Heart Study Arch. Dis. Child., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 582 - 588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Desai, C. Guerra, S. Wang, and M. G. Ross Protective effect of prenatal water restriction on offspring cardiovascular homeostasis in response to hemorrhage Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): H2659 - H2665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Armitage, P. D. Taylor, and L. Poston Experimental models of developmental programming: consequences of exposure to an energy rich diet during development J. Physiol., May 15, 2005; 565(1): 3 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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