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British Medical Bulletin 68:199-208 (2003)
© 2003 Oxford University Press

Contaminants in drinking water

Environmental pollution and health

John Fawell* and Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen{dagger}

* Flackwell Heath, Bucks, and
{dagger} Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Imperial College, Royal School of Mines, Prince Consort Road, London, UK

Correspondence to: John Fawell, Independent Consultant on Drinking Water and Environment, 89 Heath End Road, Flackwell Heath, Bucks HP10 9EW, UK. E-mail: John.Fawell{at}johnfawell.co.uk

An adequate supply of safe drinking water is one of the major prerequisites for a healthy life, but waterborne disease is still a major cause of death in many parts of the world, particularly in children, and it is also a significant economic constraint in many subsistence conomies. The basis on which drinking water safety is judged is national standards or international guidelines. The most important of these are the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. The quality of drinking water and possible associated health risks vary throughout the world with some regions showing, for example, high levels of arsenic, fluoride or contamination of drinking water by pathogens, whereas elsewhere these are very low and no problem. Marked variations also occur on a more local level within countries due, for example, to agricultural and industrial activities. These and others are discussed in this chapter.


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