British Medical Bulletin 50:272-298 (1994)
© 1994 The British Council
research-article |
Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risks of stroke and of coronary heart disease
MRC/ICRF Clinical Trial Service Unit, University of Oxford UK
Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Auckland New Zealand
Abstract
Most evidence about the effects of blood pressure on the risks of cardiovascular disease derives from two principal sources: prospective non-randomised observational studies of the associations between blood pressure and the incidence of stroke and of coronary heart disease, and randomised trials of antihypertensive drug therapy. The focus of the first part of this chapter concerns the evidence from observational studies, which – despite the possibility of confounding by other risk factors – may be more relevant to the eventual effects of prolonged blood pressure differences on stroke and coronary heart disease risk. The focus of the second part concerns the evidence from randomised trials of antihypertensive drug treatment, which are more relevant to assessing how rapidly, and to what extent, the epidemiologically expected reductions in stroke or in coronary heart disease are produced by suddenly lowering blood pressurein middle and old age.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Ezzati, S. Oza, G. Danaei, and C. J.L. Murray Trends and Cardiovascular Mortality Effects of State-Level Blood Pressure and Uncontrolled Hypertension in the United States Circulation, February 19, 2008; 117(7): 905 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Authors/Task Force Members, I. Graham, D. Atar, K. Borch-Johnsen, G. Boysen, G. Burell, R. Cifkova, J. Dallongeville, G. De Backer, S. Ebrahim, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2007; 28(19): 2375 - 2414. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. K. Pedersen State of the Art Reviews: Health Benefits Related to Exercise in Patients With Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, August 1, 2007; 1(4): 289 - 298. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-G. Wang, Y. Li, S. S. Franklin, and M. Safar Prevention of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction by Amlodipine and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: A Quantitative Overview Hypertension, July 1, 2007; 50(1): 181 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members:, G. Mancia, G. De Backer, A. Dominiczak, R. Cifkova, R. Fagard, G. Germano, G. Grassi, A. M. Heagerty, S. E. Kjeldsen, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur. Heart J., June 11, 2007; (2007) ehm236v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P Mcelduff, M Jaefarnezhad, and P N Durrington American, British and European recommendations for statins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease applied to British men studied prospectively Heart, September 1, 2006; 92(9): 1213 - 1218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Zhang, L. Thijs, and J. A. Staessen Blood Pressure Lowering for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Stroke Hypertension, August 1, 2006; 48(2): 187 - 195. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. T. van Wyk, M. A.M. van Wijk, M. C.J.M. Sturkenboom, P. W. Moorman, and J. van der Lei Identification of the Four Conventional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors by Dutch General Practitioners Chest, October 1, 2005; 128(4): 2521 - 2527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Karagiannis, K. Tziomalos, N. Krikis, G. Sfikas, K. Dona, and C. Zamboulis The Unilateral Measurement of Blood Pressure May Mask the Diagnosis or Delay the Effective Treatment of Hypertension Angiology, September 1, 2005; 56(5): 565 - 569. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.M.A. Welch Statins for the prevention of cerebrovascular disease: the rationale for robust intervention Eur. Heart J. Suppl., July 1, 2004; 6(suppl_C): C34 - C42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N Chapman New evidence in hypertension and hyperlipidaemia Heart, June 1, 2004; 90(suppl_4): iv14 - iv17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. O'Rourke, N. Dean, N. Akhtar, and A. Shuaib Current and future concepts in stroke prevention Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 30, 2004; 170(7): 1123 - 1133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Chapman, R. Huxley, C. Anderson, M.G. Bousser, J. Chalmers, S. Colman, S. Davis, G. Donnan, S. MacMahon, B. Neal, et al. Effects of a Perindopril-Based Blood Pressure-Lowering Regimen on the Risk of Recurrent Stroke According to Stroke Subtype and Medical History: The PROGRESS Trial Stroke, January 1, 2004; 35(1): 116 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.L.L.M. De Schryver Dipyridamole in Stroke Prevention: Effect of Dipyridamole on Blood Pressure Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2339 - 2342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
PROGRESS Effects of a Perindopril-Based Blood Pressure-Lowering Regimen on Disability and Dependency in 6105 Patients With Cerebrovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2333 - 2338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N Wager, G Fieldman, and T Hussey The effect on ambulatory blood pressure of working under favourably and unfavourably perceived supervisors Occup. Environ. Med., July 1, 2003; 60(7): 468 - 474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Filippi, A. A. Bignamini, E. Sessa, F. Samani, and G. Mazzaglia Secondary Prevention of Stroke in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Family Practice Stroke, April 1, 2003; 34(4): 1010 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Staessen, J.-G. Wang, and W. H Birkenhager Outcome beyond blood pressure control? Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2003; 24(6): 504 - 514. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. MacMahon and J. Chalmers Blood pressure lowering and ACE inhibition for the avoidance of cardiac and cerebral events Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2003; 24(5): 391 - 393. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
PROGRESS Collaborative Group Effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen on cardiac outcomes among patients with cerebrovascular disease Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2003; 24(5): 475 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Green, S. Kwok, and P.N. Durrington Preventing cardiovascular disease in hypertension: effects of lowering blood pressure and cholesterol QJM, December 1, 2002; 95(12): 821 - 826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Neal, N. Chapman, and A. Patel Managing the global burden of cardiovascular disease Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2002; 4(suppl_F): F2 - F6. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. van Gijn The PROGRESS Trial: Preventing Strokes by Lowering Blood Pressure in Patients With Cerebral Ischemia: Emerging Therapies: Critique of an Important Advance Stroke, January 1, 2002; 33(1): 319 - 320. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.J. Brown, C.R. Palmer, A. Castaigne, P.W. de Leeuw, G. Mancia, T. Rosenthal, and L.M. Ruilope Principal results from the international nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a goal in hypertension treatment (INSIGHT) Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2001; 3(suppl_B): B20 - B26. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ebrahim, S G. Wannamethee, P. Whincup, M. Walker, and A G. Shaper Locomotor disability in a cohort of British men: the impact of lifestyle and disease Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2000; 29(3): 478 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Ramachandran, J M French, M P J Vanderpump, P Croft, and R H Neary Should treatment recommendations for lipid lowering drugs be based on absolute coronary risk or risk reduction? BMJ, March 11, 2000; 320(7236): 677 - 679. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. MacMahon Blood Pressure and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease N. Engl. J. Med., January 6, 2000; 342(1): 49 - 52. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Voko, M. L. Bots, A. Hofman, P. J. Koudstaal, J. C. M. Witteman, and M. M. B. Breteler J-Shaped Relation Between Blood Pressure and Stroke in Treated Hypertensives Hypertension, December 1, 1999; 34(6): 1181 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. H. Klungel, B. H. C. Stricker, A. H. P. Paes, J. C. Seidell, A. Bakker, Z. Voko, M. M. B. Breteler, and Anthonius de Boer Excess Stroke Among Hypertensive Men and Women Attributable to Undertreatment of Hypertension Stroke, July 1, 1999; 30(7): 1312 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Banegas, F. Rodriguez-Artalejo, J. J. de la Cruz Troca, P. Guallar-Castillon, and J. del Rey Calero Blood Pressure in Spain : Distribution, Awareness, Control, and Benefits of a Reduction in Average Pressure Hypertension, December 1, 1998; 32(6): 998 - 1002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38 BMJ, September 12, 1998; 317(7160): 703 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39 BMJ, September 12, 1998; 317(7160): 713 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
British Cardiac Society, British Hyperlipidaemia Association, British Hypertension Society, and endorsed by the British Diabetic Association Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice Heart, July 1, 1998; 80(90002): 1S - 29. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Lammie, F. Brannan, J. Slattery, and C. Warlow Nonhypertensive Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease : An Autopsy Study Stroke, November 1, 1997; 28(11): 2222 - 2229. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. Smith and A. N Phillips Inflation in epidemiology: "The proof and measurement of association between two things" revisited BMJ, June 29, 1996; 312(7047): 1659 - 1661. [Full Text]
|
|